Abstract With the growing demand for solutions to prevent and resolve faults in gas-insulated substations that affect the operation of the electrical system, a fault simulation laboratory for gas-insulated substations was developed to develop solutions for monitoring and locating these faults. The laboratory is composed of instruments for a fault location system based on traveling wave theory. The laboratory also has computational programs for fault simulation control and signal acquisition, in addition to having tools to analyze the data. The results were obtained through tests carried out that confirmed the laboratory's ability to simulate the operation of faults in gas-insulated substations, which allowed demonstrating the capacity of the fault location system using the theory of traveling waves.

Abstract Surge arresters are at the forefront of protection against voltage surges. The loss of the protective effect of surge arresters imposes accidents and unplanned shutdowns on the power system. It directly affects the interruption of power supplies and imposes fines on service providers. Monitoring and diagnostics in the lightning rod field require studies and work that present the degradation behaviour of surge arresters to help develop and improve existing techniques. This paper presents the development of a laboratory with a low-energy, mobile current waveform impulse generator. It allows for conducting aging tests by applying discharges to low-voltage zinc oxide surge arresters used in the energy distribution sector. Samples of surge arresters were subjected to the discharges produced by the developed generator, and they exhibited degradation, thus showing asymmetry between the positive and negative half-cycles of leakage current.

ABSTRACT The order Strigiformes contains approximately 250 owl species distributed worldwide, and the majority of them live in forests. Although basic information is available on many owls, few have been studied in-depth; consequently, little is known about the role of vegetation in their lives. This study aimed to investigate Strigiformes in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest using point count surveys conducted from January 2018 to De-cember 2019. Twelve points were sampled for 30 min/month, totaling 144 h. Data on vegetation structure were collected for analysis. The numbers of individuals and species were then estimated. Twenty-six individuals of four species were recorded: 12 Strix virgata, 6 Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana, 5 Megascops atricapilla, and 3 Megascops choliba. Strix virgata was associated with sites with typical mature forest characteristics, although it tolerated variation in some parameters (e.g., average canopy height). Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana was a generalist in terms of habitat characteristics, even when using edge areas. Megascops choliba was scarce within the sampled area and seemed to avoid mature forest. Megascops atricapilla occurred from sites with a lower canopy to more mature forest areas. Altogether, this study highlighted the importance of conserving forest fragments in the Atlantic Forest, which harbors considerable biodiversity, especially of owls.

RESUMEN El Orden Strigiformes contiene aproximadamente 250 especies de búhos distribuidas en el mundo, y la mayoría viven en bosques. Aunque se dispone de información básica sobre muchos búhos, pocos han sido estudiados en profundidad; en consecuencia, se sabe poco sobre el papel que juega la vegetación en sus vidas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las especies de Strigiformes en un fragmento de la Mata Atlántica. Los recuentos de puntos se realizaron desde enero de 2018 hasta diciembre de 2019; se muestrearon doce puntos durante 30 min/mes, totalizando 144 h. Se recopilaron datos sobre la estructura de la vegetación para su análisis. Luego se estimó el número y las especies presentes. Se registraron 26 individuos de 4 especies: 12 Strix virgata, 6 Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana, 5 Megascops atricapilla y 3 Megascops choliba. Strix virgata se asoció a sitios de características típicas de bosques maduros, aunque tuvo tolerancia en la variación de algunos parámetros (p. ej., altura media del dosel). Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana fue generalista en las características del hábitat, incluso cuando utilizó áreas de borde. Megascops choliba fue escaso dentro del área de muestreo y pareció evitar el bosque maduro. Megascops atricapilla se asoció desde sitios con un dosel más bajo hasta áreas de bosques más maduros. En conjunto, este estudio destacó la importancia de conservar fragmentos de bosque en el Bosque Atlántico, que alberga una biodiversidad considerable, especialmente de búhos.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar como eventos clínicos e sociais podem impactar na adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral para o HIV. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo de coorte histórica com 528 pacientes que realizaram o tratamento para o HIV em um serviço de assistência especializada em Alvorada, RS. Foram analisadas 3429 consultas executadas entre os anos de 2004 e 2017. Para cada consulta, foram coletados dados de características do tratamento e do quadro clínico dos pacientes. A adesão, aferida pelo autorrelato dos pacientes, foi o desfecho do estudo. O modelo de regressão logística via equações de estimação generalizadas foi utilizado para estimação das associações. RESULTADOS 67,8% dos pacientes analisados possuem até 8 anos de estudos e 24,8% têm histórico de uso de crack e/ou cocaína. Entre os homens, estar assintomático [razão de chances (RC) = 1,43; IC95% 1,05–1,93], possuir mais de 8 anos de estudo (RC = 2,32; IC95% 1,27–4,23) e nunca ter usado crack (RC = 2,35; IC95% 1,20–4,57) estiveram associados à adesão. Para as mulheres, possuir mais de 24 anos (RC = 1,82; IC95% 1,09–3,02), nunca ter usado cocaína (RC = 2,54; IC95% 1,32–4,88) e estar em gestação (RC = 3,28; IC95% 1,83–5,89) aumentaram as chances de adesão. CONCLUSÕES Além de características sociodemográficas definidas, eventos pontuais que podem ocorrer na trajetória de pacientes em tratamentos longos, como início de uma nova gestação e não apresentar sintomas, podem impactar nas chances de adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze how clinical and social events may impact adherence to antiretroviral treatment for HIV. METHODS This is a historical cohort study with 528 patients who underwent treatment for HIV in a specialized care service in Alvorada, RS. A total of 3429 queries executed between the years 2004 and 2017 were analyzed. For each visit, data on treatment characteristics and the patients’ clinical picture were collected. Adherence, as measured by patients’ self-report, was the endpoint of the study. The logistic regression model via generalized estimating equations was used for estimating the associations. RESULTS 67.8% of the patients analyzed have up to 8 years of education and 24.8% have a history of crack and/or cocaine use. Among men, being asymptomatic [odds ratio (OR) = 1.43; 95%CI 1.05-1.93], having more than 8 years of education (OR= 2.32; 95%CI 1.27-4.23), and never having used crack (RC = 2.35; 95%CI 1.20-4.57) were associated with adherence. For women, being older than 24 years (CR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.09-3.02), never having used cocaine (CR = 2.54; 95%CI 1.32-4.88) and being pregnant (RC = 3.28; 95%CI 1.83-5.89) increased the odds of adherence. CONCLUSIONS In addition to defined sociodemographic characteristics, one-off events that may occur in the trajectory of patients on long treatment, such as starting a new pregnancy and not having symptoms, can impact patients’ chances of treatment adherence.

Abstract This work describes the circulation over the continental slope and the São Paulo Plateau in the Santos Basin during the SANSED winter 2019 survey. The cruise consisted of four legs in the period between June, 11 and August, 03 2019. The observed circulation is dominated by the Atlantic southwestern boundary current regime and remotely-generated anticyclones and cyclones. The former is composed by the Brazil Current, the Intermediate Western Boundary Current and their mesoscale meanders; the latter are 300km vortical rings with origin in the eastern side of the South Atlantic Basin. A Lagrangian scheme applied over satellite altimeter maps indicate that the origin of these rings is primarily the Cape Basin of South Africa. The interaction between the boundary currents, their cyclonic meanders, and the anticyclonic rings is complex, and varies widely. During the SANSED winter 2019 survey period, three anticyclones interacted with the Brazil Current, instabilizing it, forming dipoles with the current cyclonic meanders, leading to their downstream propagation. Ancienter cyclonic eddies within Santos Basin may interfere with the propagation of the large anticyclones further south. In addition, the continuous arrival of remotely-originated anticyclones, the larger portion over the São Paulo Plateau presented a tendency of counter-clockwise circulation during the whole cruise period.

Abstract Shielded substations with SF6 gas insulation (GIS) play a critical role in supplying power to urban areas, and it is crucial to quickly identify and isolate faults to restore system operation and meet supply demands. However, locating faults in such substations can involve extensive and time-consuming procedures, such as opening and closing hermetically sealed compartments containing SF6. This paper presents the development of an acoustic test bench that accurately replicates the dynamic characteristics of SF6 shielded substations. By utilizing the traveling wave technique, partial discharges occurring in high-voltage insulation can be detected and precisely located. The method employs various techniques, including the analysis of the arrival time of traveling waves at different points within the substation and triangulation methods. The use of traveling waves in partial discharge detection offers several advantages, such as precise fault location and non-interference with normal substation operations. Additionally, acoustic methods are highly sensitive to other sources of partial discharges, such as moving particles and fluctuating potential discharges. The results demonstrate that the combination of the acoustic test bench and the disturbance localization technique presents an innovative approach to fault location studies in GIS. The acoustic test bench enables controlled simulation of failure conditions, providing accurate data on the acoustic behavior of substations. Through the disturbance location technique, these data can be analyzed and interpreted to pinpoint the exact fault location. This integrated approach enhances the efficiency of the troubleshooting process and reduces the time required to repair GIS.

Abstract As high-voltage circuit breakers (HVCBs) are responsible for switching off the load in the event of anomalies, they suffer various wear and tear, both on their main contacts and on the other actuation mechanisms. Not only load maneuvers but also weather conditions can bring factors that contribute to deterioration and, consequently, contribute to failures of this component that is so important for energy supply. Both failures and maintenance shutdowns generate costs for substations, something that could be minimized if there was monitoring of the condition of the HVCBs. This paper shows a methodology to analyze the vibration signal of HVCB in order to identify and quantify contact failures. The proposed methodology is verified through an experimental setup. The results show that it is possible not only to identify the fault but also to assess its intensity using vibration analysis.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze how clinical and social events may impact adherence to antiretroviral treatment for HIV. METHODS This is a historical cohort study with 528 patients who underwent treatment for HIV in a specialized care service in Alvorada, RS. A total of 3429 queries executed between the years 2004 and 2017 were analyzed. For each visit, data on treatment characteristics and the patients’ clinical picture were collected. Adherence, as measured by patients’ self-report, was the endpoint of the study. The logistic regression model via generalized estimating equations was used for estimating the associations. RESULTS 67.8% of the patients analyzed have up to 8 years of education and 24.8% have a history of crack and/or cocaine use. Among men, being asymptomatic [odds ratio (OR) = 1.43; 95%CI 1.05-1.93], having more than 8 years of education (OR= 2.32; 95%CI 1.27-4.23), and never having used crack (RC = 2.35; 95%CI 1.20-4.57) were associated with adherence. For women, being older than 24 years (CR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.09-3.02), never having used cocaine (CR = 2.54; 95%CI 1.32-4.88) and being pregnant (RC = 3.28; 95%CI 1.83-5.89) increased the odds of adherence. CONCLUSIONS In addition to defined sociodemographic characteristics, one-off events that may occur in the trajectory of patients on long treatment, such as starting a new pregnancy and not having symptoms, can impact patients’ chances of treatment adherence.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar como eventos clínicos e sociais podem impactar na adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral para o HIV. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo de coorte histórica com 528 pacientes que realizaram o tratamento para o HIV em um serviço de assistência especializada em Alvorada, RS. Foram analisadas 3429 consultas executadas entre os anos de 2004 e 2017. Para cada consulta, foram coletados dados de características do tratamento e do quadro clínico dos pacientes. A adesão, aferida pelo autorrelato dos pacientes, foi o desfecho do estudo. O modelo de regressão logística via equações de estimação generalizadas foi utilizado para estimação das associações. RESULTADOS 67,8% dos pacientes analisados possuem até 8 anos de estudos e 24,8% têm histórico de uso de crack e/ou cocaína. Entre os homens, estar assintomático [razão de chances (RC) = 1,43; IC95% 1,05–1,93], possuir mais de 8 anos de estudo (RC = 2,32; IC95% 1,27–4,23) e nunca ter usado crack (RC = 2,35; IC95% 1,20–4,57) estiveram associados à adesão. Para as mulheres, possuir mais de 24 anos (RC = 1,82; IC95% 1,09–3,02), nunca ter usado cocaína (RC = 2,54; IC95% 1,32–4,88) e estar em gestação (RC = 3,28; IC95% 1,83–5,89) aumentaram as chances de adesão. CONCLUSÕES Além de características sociodemográficas definidas, eventos pontuais que podem ocorrer na trajetória de pacientes em tratamentos longos, como início de uma nova gestação e não apresentar sintomas, podem impactar nas chances de adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento.

Resumo: Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal dos procedimentos de artrodese toracolombar realizados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil entre os anos de 2009 e 2019. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional de delineamento ecológico, baseado em dados secundários coletados a partir dos sistemas de informação sob guarda do DATASUS, em especial do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares, que gerencia as Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar (AIHs). Foram incluídos todos os pacientes submetidos aos procedimentos de interesse, de caráter eletivo e de urgência, correspondentes às artrodeses toracolombares curtas e longas. A tendência temporal foi avaliada através da regressão polinomial dos procedimentos realizados no Brasil e em suas cinco regiões federativas. Resultados: A tendência temporal das artrodeses eletivas foi decrescente e a das artrodeses de urgência foi crescente, com pico em 2015, seguida de franco declínio. As artrodeses curtas foram mais frequentes em ambas as modalidades de urgência e eletiva, e as regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste obtiveram os maiores índices de procedimentos por milhão de habitantes em todo período de 2009 a 2019. Conclusão: A tendência temporal das artrodeses toracolombares realizadas pelo SUS tem caráter decrescente na última década, fenômeno que pode ser justificado pela crescente criticidade perante as indicações do procedimento na literatura contemporânea. Nível de evidência III; Estudo Retrospectivo Comparativo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the temporal trends of thoracolumbar fusion procedures performed by the United Health System in Brazil from 2009 to 2019. Methods: This was an observational ecological study based on data collected from the information systems under the aegis of DATASUS, especially the Hospital Information System, which manages the Hospital Admission Authorizations (Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar - AIHs). All patients who had undergone the procedures of interest, that is, elective and emergency short and long thoracolumbar arthrodeses, were included. The temporal trends of the procedures performed in Brazil and in its five regions were calculated using polynomial regression. Results: The temporal trend of elective thoracolumbar arthrodesis decreased, while that of emergency arthrodesis increased, with the peak in 2015, followed by a marked decline. Short fusions were more frequent in both elective and emergency modalities, and the South and Central-West Regions had the highest indices of procedures per million inhabitants during the entire 2009 to 2019 period. Conclusions: The temporal trends of thoracolumbar fusions performed by SUS have decreased over the last decade, a phenomenon which may be explained by the growing criticism of indications of the procedure in the current literature. Level of evidence III; Retrospective Comparative Study.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal de los procedimientos de artrodesis toracolumbar realizados por el Sistema Único de Salud en Brasil entre 2009 y 2019. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional de diseño ecológico, basado en datos secundarios colectados de los sistemas de información en poder de DATASUS, en particular por el Sistema de Información Hospitalaria, que gestiona las Autorizaciones de Admisión Hospitalaria (AIH). Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de carácter urgente y electivo, correspondientes a artrodesis toracolumbar corta y larga. La tendencia temporal se evaluó mediante regresión polinomial de los procedimientos realizados en Brasil y sus cinco regiones federativas. Resultados: La tendencia temporal de la artrodesis electiva fue decreciente y la de la artrodesis de urgencia fue creciente, alcanzando el pico en 2015, seguido de un fuerte descenso. Los casos de artrodesis cortas fueron más frecuentes tanto en las modalidades de urgencia como en las electivas, y las regiones Sur y Medio Oeste tuvieron las tasas más altas de procedimientos por millón de habitantes en todo el período de 2009 a 2019. Conclusión: La tendencia temporal de las artrodesis toracolumbares realizadas por el SUS tiene un carácter decreciente en la última década, fenómeno que puede justificarse por la creciente criticidad de las indicaciones del procedimiento en la literatura contemporánea. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio Retrospectivo Comparativo.

Abstract The continuity of an electrical system's services is linked to its equipment's correct operation. The more correctly they worked, the higher the quality of the services provided. Thus, they must have their functioning scanned closely and that minor defects have their evolution monitored. This fact creates the possibility of making predictions about how long equipment can operate without compromising the system's continuity. This follow-up is proper for predictive maintenance. This paper presents three on-going COPEL Generation and Transmission projects in essential elements of its electrical system: circuit breakers, lightning arresters, and SF6 substation. The central idea of all monitoring projects is to check the early problem in this equipment and facilities.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A acalasia é um distúrbio esofágico da motilidade neurodegenerativa caracterizado por falha no relaxamento do esfíncter esofágico inferior (EEI). A opção de tratamento convencional para acalasia tem sido a miotomia laparoscópica de Heller (LHM). No entanto, em 2010, Inoue et al. descreveram a miotomia endoscópica peroral (POEM), um procedimento minimamente invasivo, como uma terapia alternativa. Até o momento, poucos estudos com amostras pequenas tiveram como objetivo comparar os resultados do LHM versus POEM. OBJETIVO: Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para melhor avaliar a eficácia e segurança dessas duas técnicas. MÉTODOS: Estratégias de busca individualizadas foram desenvolvidas desde o início até abril de 2019, de acordo com as diretrizes do PRISMA. As variáveis analisadas incluíram tempo operatório, taxa global de eventos adversos, doença de refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) pós-procedimento, tempo de internação, escore de dor pós-procedimento e redução do escore de Eckardt. RESULTADOS: Doze estudos de coorte foram selecionados, consistindo em 893 pacientes (359 no grupo POEM e 524 no LHM). Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado estava disponível. Não houve diferença no tempo operatório (MD = -10,26, IC 95% (-5,6 a 8,2), P<0,001) ou refluxo gastroesofágico pós-operatório (RD: -0,00, 95% IC: (-0,09, 0,09), I2: 0%). Houve diminuição do tempo de permanência hospitalar para POEM (MD: -0,6, 95% CI (-1,11, -0,09), P=0,02) e um aumento da redução média no escore de Eckardt em pacientes POEM (MD= -0,257, IC95%: (-0,512 a -0,002), P=0,048), com taxas similares de eventos adversos. CONCLUSÃO: O POEM demonstrou resultados semelhantes aos da miotomia a Heller por videolaparoscopia, com melhora da disfagia, do refluxo pós-procedimento e tempo cirúrgico, com o benefício de menor tempo de internação hospitalar. Portanto, o POEM pode ser considerado uma opção para pacientes com acalasia.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Achalasia is a neurodegenerative motility esophageal disorder characterized by failure of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. The conventional treatment option for achalasia has been laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM). However, in 2010, Inoue et al. described peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), a minimally invasive procedure, as an alternative therapy. To date, some studies with small sample sizes have aimed to compare outcomes of LHM vs POEM. OBJECTIVE: Thus, the aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to better evaluate the efficacy and safety of these two techniques. METHODS: Individualized search strategies were developed from inception through April 2019 in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Variables analyzed included operative time, overall adverse events rate, post-procedure gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), hospitalization length, post-procedure pain score, and Eckardt Score reduction. RESULTS: Twelve cohort trials were selected, consisting of 893 patients (359 in POEM group and 534 in LHM.) No randomized clinical trials were available. There was no difference in operative time (MD= -10,26, 95% CI (-5,6 to 8,2), P<0.001) or Post-Operative Gastroesophageal Reflux (RD: -0.00, 95%CI: (-0.09, 0.09), I2: 0%). There was decreased length of hospital stay for POEM (MD: -0.6, 95% CI (-1.11, -0.09), P=0.02), and an increased mean reduction in Eckardt score in POEM patients (MD = -0.257, 95% CI: (-0.512 to -0.002), P=0.048), with similar rates of adverse events. CONCLUSION: POEM demonstrated similar results compared to laparoscopic Heller myotomy with regards to improvement of dysphagia, post-procedure reflux, and surgical time, with the benefit of shorter length of hospital stay. Therefore, POEM can be considered an option for patients with achalasia.

Abstract Aims: To present to the scientific community the transposition of the printed version to the electronic version of the WebCas questionnaire. Methods: The transposition of the printed version to the electronic version of the WebCas questionnaire was carried out using the service of a computer programming professional. Through a response interface, the students had access to instructions to respond to the questionnaire. The MySQL 5 method was used to store the information, allowing the generation of reports. To record the responses, students were instructed to click on the chosen option. In case of error, they should choose another option, changing the option chosen previously. The “next” arrow indicated that the individuals being evaluated could change the page. Results: The WebCas questionnaire presented several functionalities related to its presentation and filling out process. In the restricted access to maintenance activities, it is possible to visualize 8 icons: 1 - questionnaire (information regarding the completion and development methodology of the questionnaire); 2 - students (registration information, anthropometric data and student code); 3 - activities (name of the activity, the domain such activity is inserted, intensities and values in MET’s); 4 - questions (statement and category of the question); 5 - graphs (showing the results of each question in the bar or pie format graphs); 6 - reports (reports export). Conclusion: The WebCas questionnaire is a technological resource that will assist health researchers in the collection, storage, and preliminary processing of information regarding health-related behaviors in schoolchildren.

RESUMO O sangramento gastrointestinal varicoso está entre as maiores causas de morbimortalidade nos paciente com doença hepática crônica. O tratamento endoscópico é a primeira linha terapêutica neste pacientes, porém naqueles que apresentam falha nesta modalidade terapêutica, o amplo conhecimento de opções alternativas de tratamento pode melhorar o prognóstico. Descrevemos um caso de paciente submetido à embolização com sucesso de varizes gastresofágicas por acesso transesplênico.

ABSTRACT Varicose gastrointestinal bleeding is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. Endoscopic treatment is the first therapeutic line for these patients, however, for those whom this therapeutic modality fail, a broad knowledge of alternative treatment options may improve the prognosis. We describe a case of a patient who were successfully embolized from gastroesophageal varices via transsplenic access.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os fatores de risco metabólicos (FRM) entre sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico numa amostra de adolescentes de Curitiba, Brasil. O estudo transversal foi conduzido com 997 adolescentes da rede pública de ensino (429 meninos) com idade entre 12-17 anos. Coletaram-se dados de colesterol total (CT), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicerídeos, glicemia, pressão arterial, circunferência de cintura e índice de massa corporal. Informações sobre sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico foram coletados por meio de um questionário. Foram utilizadas análises descritivas, teste exato de Fisher e Qui-quadrado. Observou-se que 27,4% foram classificados como sobrepeso/obeso, quase metade com CT e LDL-c limítrofes/alterados, com uma diferença entre os sexos (p < 0,01) e uma proporção maior entre as meninas. Verificou-se que as proporções de 3 e 4 ou mais FRM foram 13,8% e 6,3%, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, 86,5% e 39,7% dos adolescentes demonstraram ao menos um e dois FRM, respectivamente. Conclui-se que houve um elevado percentual de sobrepeso/obeso, assim como um grande número de sujeitos com CT e HDL-s alterados. Verificou-se um grande percentual de agregação de FRM em ambos os sexos. São necessárias estratégias para reduzir esses fatores de risco nessa fase da vida.

Abstract The aim was to compare the metabolic risk factors (MRF) between sex, age and socioeconomic status in a sample of adolescents from Curitiba, Brazil. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 997 adolescents (429 boys) aged 12-17 years old from public schools. Total Cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, HDL-c, Triglycerides, Glycemia, Blood Pressure, waist circumference and body mass index were measured. Sex, age and socioeconomic status information was obtained using a questionnaire. Descriptive analyses, Fisher Exact and Chi-Square Tests were used to establish the sample's characteristics and the MRF comparison between variables. We found that 27.4% were classified as overweight/obese, almost half of them had TC and LDL-c classified as limitrophe/altered, with a difference between the sexes (p < 0.01), and that a higher percentage of altered values was seen among girls. The percentage of 3 and 4 or more MRF was 13.8% and 6.3%, respectively. In addition, 86.5% of the participants had at least one and 39.7% had at least two MRF. We conclude that there was a high percentage of overweight/obese, as well as a great number of subjects with altered TC and HDL-c. We also pointed out the large percentage of aggregated metabolic risk factors in both sexes. Strategies to reduce metabolic risk factors are required.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os fatores de risco metabólicos (FRM) entre sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico numa amostra de adolescentes de Curitiba, Brasil. O estudo transversal foi conduzido com 997 adolescentes da rede pública de ensino (429 meninos) com idade entre 12-17 anos. Coletaram-se dados de colesterol total (CT), LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicerídeos, glicemia, pressão arterial, circunferência de cintura e índice de massa corporal. Informações sobre sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico foram coletados por meio de um questionário. Foram utilizadas análises descritivas, teste exato de Fisher e Qui-quadrado. Observou-se que 27,4% foram classificados como sobrepeso/obeso, quase metade com CT e LDL-c limítrofes/alterados, com uma diferença entre os sexos (p < 0,01) e uma proporção maior entre as meninas. Verificou-se que as proporções de 3 e 4 ou mais FRM foram 13,8% e 6,3%, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, 86,5% e 39,7% dos adolescentes demonstraram ao menos um e dois FRM, respectivamente. Conclui-se que houve um elevado percentual de sobrepeso/obeso, assim como um grande número de sujeitos com CT e HDL-s alterados. Verificou-se um grande percentual de agregação de FRM em ambos os sexos. São necessárias estratégias para reduzir esses fatores de risco nessa fase da vida.

Abstract The aim was to compare the metabolic risk factors (MRF) between sex, age and socioeconomic status in a sample of adolescents from Curitiba, Brazil. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 997 adolescents (429 boys) aged 12-17 years old from public schools. Total Cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, HDL-c, Triglycerides, Glycemia, Blood Pressure, waist circumference and body mass index were measured. Sex, age and socioeconomic status information was obtained using a questionnaire. Descriptive analyses, Fisher Exact and Chi-Square Tests were used to establish the sample's characteristics and the MRF comparison between variables. We found that 27.4% were classified as overweight/obese, almost half of them had TC and LDL-c classified as limitrophe/altered, with a difference between the sexes (p < 0.01), and that a higher percentage of altered values was seen among girls. The percentage of 3 and 4 or more MRF was 13.8% and 6.3%, respectively. In addition, 86.5% of the participants had at least one and 39.7% had at least two MRF. We conclude that there was a high percentage of overweight/obese, as well as a great number of subjects with altered TC and HDL-c. We also pointed out the large percentage of aggregated metabolic risk factors in both sexes. Strategies to reduce metabolic risk factors are required.